
     __________________________________________________________
     APPEND                                                ()
     
     :
          ⠭  ᪠ 䠩 .
     
     ⠪:
               ࢮ ᯮ짮:
          append [/x][/e]
                ⠫  ᪠:
          append [᪮:][;[᪮:][]...]
                ᮥ ⠫:
          append;
               ࠫ     /      attrib,
               backup, dir, replace, restore  xcopy:
          append [][/x[:on]][/path:on]
               
          append [][/x:off][/path:off]
     
     ਩:
       ᥣ  ᬠਢ  ⥪騩  ⠫.   ᫨
᪮  䠩  ⠬  ,  ᫥騬 ᬠਢ 
㪠  , ⥬ ன, ⨩  ...
     ᫨  append 맢   /,  MS-DOS 㤥
⢫  䠩 , ⮫쪮 ᫨    㯠  
䠩  ᯮ  㭪樨  0FH,  3DH  23 (. ࠢ筨
ணࠬ).
     
             祭
     __________________________________________________________
     /        ⮬  ணࠬ 䠩, 騥
     /:on        㣨 䠩   㭪権 4,  11  
                 4,   ᯮ짮    ᪥  䠩
                 ⠫, 㪠   append.
     
     /x:off      ⬥ ⢨ ⮣ .
     
     /             ⠫   ।
                 MS-DOS. 㭪樮 ⮫쪮  ࢮ 맮
                  append.
     
     /path:on    ᪠ 䠩,  㪠 ᪮  /
                 .
     
     /path:off    ᪠ 䠩,  㪠 ᪮
                 / .
     __________________________________________________________

       ୮ 맮  append  㪠 
    .  맮   append
 権 MS-DOS 뢮  ࠭ ⥪騩 .
     
     ਬ砭:
     -   ᯮ짮      饭
        䠩  㤠 ⠭.
     - ᫨   ᯮ  assign,   append
        ।⢮ ⮩ .
     - ᫨   ⠭   ᪠    譨
       , . ᠭ  path.
     
       append  ᯨ᮪ ᪠   
 䠩 (ᨬ   ७),  ᫨  饭  
᫥ ⢫   㭪権:
     
     0FH        11 (⮫쪮  箬 /)
     23        4 (⮫쪮  箬 /)
     3DH        4 (⮫쪮  箬 /)
     

     
     
   
     
     __________________________________________________________
     ASSIGN                                                 (E)
     
     :
          砥  ᪮ 㣮 ᪮.
     
     ⠪:
          
          assign [x[=]y[...]]
     
          :
     
           -   ⥪饣 ᪮
          y -   㣮 ᪮
     
     ਩:
         assign       ਪ   ணࠬ,
ࠡ騬  ᪮      ,      ᪮,
⫨      㪠.  稥  ᫥    ᪮
㪠뢠  㦭.
     
     ਬ砭:
      ᮢ⨬    騬  ﬨ  ⥬  
짮    subst    assign.  騥  
 :
     
     assign a = c
     subst  a: c:\
     
     뢠  ,      assign    ⨭
᪮,    ᯮ짮      ⠪  ,
:
     backup, restore, label, join, subst  print.
     
        format    diskcopy    ७祭
᪮.
     
     ਬ:
           ७祭    ⨭  祭
  assign  権:
     
     assign
     
     ᫨          ਪ ணࠬ 
⪮  ᪠  (),    ਪ  ணࠬ     室   
믮   ⠢ ᫥⥫쭮 ᪨  묨
  ᪮    ,    ⥫쭮,  㦭 
:
     
     assign a=c b=c
     
      ࠧ,  ᫥騥 饭  ᪠     
 ॠᮢ   .

     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     ATTRIB                                                (E)
     
     :
          ⠭  뢮  ࠭ ਡ 䠩.
     
     ⠪:
     
          attrib [r][a][᪮:]ᯥ䨪[/s]
     
          :
     
          +r  ⠭ ਡ '⮫쪮  ⥭';
          -r  ⬥  ਡ;
          +  ⠭ ਡ '娢';
          -  ⬥  ਡ.
          
     ਩:
       䠩   㪠뢠  ᨬ  ⥫.  
  /s  ࠡ뢠     ⠫. ਡ '娢'
 ࠢ騬   backup, restore, xcopy.
     
     ਬ砭:
     ᫨ ਪ ணࠬ ᮧ 䠩  ०  㯠
⥭/,     attrib ⠭ ० 㯠
'⮫쪮  ⥭'   ᯥ祭    ᮢ⭮
㯠  䠩  .
                       
     
     ਬ:
       뢮    ࠭ ਡ⮢ 䠩 news89 ( ⥪饬
᪮)  ᫥  ப:
     
     attrib  news89
     
      ⬥ ਡ  '⮫쪮    ⥭'    䠩  
⠫  (  ᪮  )  \user\sergei    䠩  
⠫  ᫥  ப:
                                                
     attrib -r b:\user\sergei /s
     
       ஢    䠩,  ஬  䠩,   
७  .bak,      ᪠   㣮 ᫥⥫쭮
 ᫥騥 ப:
     
     attrib +a a:*.*
     attrib -a a:*.bak
     xcopy  a: b: /m    xcopy a: b: /a
     
     ᫨  ᯮ  /m      xcopy,    
஢     ਡ  㥬  䠩  뢠
⮬᪨.
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     BACKUP                                                 (E)
     
     :
           ᭮    ᪮쪨 䠩
           㣮 ᪥.
     
     ⠪:
          
          backup [᪮1:][][_䠩] [᪮2:]
                 [/s][/m][/a] [/f:ࠧ] [/d:] [/t:६]
                 [/L:[[᪮:][]_䠩]]
     
          :
          
     ᪮1 -  ᪮,  ண  ;
     ᪮2 -  ᪮,  ஬  ࠭.
     
     ਩:
      backup 㭪樮,  ᫨  ⨯    ࠧ⪠
᪮   ࠧ.         ⠡   ਢ   祭
ᯮ㥬 祩:
     
             祭
     __________________________________________________________
     /s          ࠭ ⠫.
     /m          ࠭  ⮫쪮    䠩,     뫨
                  ᫥ ।饩  backup.
     /            ࠭塞 䠩  㦥 ࠭
                  ᪥.    䠩    ⮬  ᪥  
                 .      㭪樮, ᫨
                   䠩,   ࠭   
                 MS-DOS backup ᨨ 3.2  ࠭.
     /f:ࠧ   ଠ஢  ,   ஬  ࠭
                 䠩.   ணࠬ   䠩   format   
                   㯥  ⥪饬 . 
                 祭    'ࠧ'  ਢ    
                 ⠡.
     /d:     ࠭    ⮫쪮        䠩,   
                 ࣠    㪠    
                 .
     /t:६    ࠭    ⮫쪮        䠩,   
                 ࣠   㪠  ६  
                 .
                 
     /L:_䠩
                 
                     ࠭塞  䠩   㪠
                 䠩. ᫨   㪠    䠩,    
                 ୥    ⠫    ᪠,    ᮤঠ饣
                 ࠭塞  䠩,  ᮧ   䠩   
                 ࠭塞 䠩  backup.log
     
                     祭  'ࠧ'
                  
                          祭
     __________________________________________________________
     160 ஭ 5.25   160, 160K, 160KB
     180K ஭ 5.25   180, 180K, 180KB
     320K ஭  5.25   320, 320K, 320KB
     360 ஭  5.25   360, 360K, 360KB
     720K ஭  3.5    720, 720K, 720KB
     1.2M  ஭ 5.25  1200, 1200K, 1200KB, 1.2, 1.2M,
                               1.2MB
     1.44M ஭ 3.5   1440,   1440K,  1440KB,   1.44,
                               1.44M,  1.44MB
     __________________________________________________________
     
       ࠭塞 䠩 ᯮ ᫥騩 ଠ:
     
     - ࢠ ப ᮤন   ६ ࠭.
     -  ᫥ ப ᮤন  䠩  
       ᪠.
     
     ᫨   䠩    㦥  ,      backup
 .  䠩 ᯮ ⠪  ⠭
࠭ 䠩, ⮬ ᫥ ᫥⥫쭮 㬥஢
᪨  ࠭묨 䠩.
     
     ਬ砭:
       ⮩     ࠭ ⥬ 䠩 io.sys,
msdos.sys, command.com.  ⠭ 䠩, ࠭
  MS-DOS 4.0  backup,  室  ਬ  
restore  ⮩   ᨨ. ᫨  㪠  /,   
backup  ᪥  ࠭묨 䠩 । 祭  
䠩    䠩.
      ᯮ  backup, ᫨ । ⨬ ᪮ 
࠭塞묨  䠩    ७祭, 祭  
 assign, join  subst.
     
      backup 頥  襭:
     
     0  ᯥ譮 襭.
     1   䠩  ࠭.
     2   䠩    뫨  ࠭, - 襭
        ᮣ襭 ⥬ ࠧ 䠩.
     3  ࢠ 짮⥫.
     4  ࢠ - 訡 (. errorlevel)
          
     ਬ:
     
     backup  c:\user\sergei  a:
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     BREAK                                                  (I)

     :
          ⠭ ஢  CONTROL+C.
     
     ⠪:
     
          break [on]
     
          
     
          break [off]
     
     ਩:
     筮  MS-DOS  ஫ ⨥ CONTROL+C  
 ⠭ /뢮. ᫨    break  on,  
⥬  㤥 ஫஢ ⨥     㣨
, ਬ,  ⥭/ / .
     
     ਬ砭:
       ணࠬ  ᠬ  ஫  ⨥  
CONTROL+C.  break  ⮬ 砥  㭪樮.
     
     ਬ:
     ᫨    ,  ⮡    ⨨    CONTROL+C
뢠  ⮫쪮  뢮    ࠭    ਭ       
,  㦭  ᫥  ப:
     
     break off
     
       뢮   ࠭ ⥪饩 ⠭ 䫠 ஢ન 
CONTROL+C   break  権:
     
     break
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
     
                
     
     __________________________________________________________
     CHCP                                                   (I)
     
     :
          뢮  ࠭   ⥪饩  ࠭
             command.com.
     
     ⠪:
     
          chcp [nnn]
     
          :
     
          nnn -   ࠭.
     
     ਩:
      chcp ਭ     ⮢  
䠩   config.sys      ࠭.   ᫨  㤥  㪠
⮢  ⥬  ࠭,  㤥 뤠
ᮮ饭  訡.
     
     襭 ᫥騥  ࠭:
     
     437         
     850         樠쭠
     860         㣠
     863          (࠭)
     865         ୠ ய
     
     ணࠬ, 饭  ४祭    ࠭,
த ࠡ  ன  ࠭殩.  ᬮ
⥪饩  ࠭ :
     
     chcp
     
      ⢥  ࠭  ᮮ饭:
     
     Active code page: 850
     Prepared system code page: 850 437
     (⨢  ࠭: 850)
     (⮢  ࠭: 850 437)
     
     ᫨    ⮢  ࠭,  
࠭  ᮮ饭:
     
     ( ࠭ 850  ⮢  ⥬)
     Code page 850 not prepared for system
     Active code page: 437
     Prepared system code page: 437 865
     
     ᫨  ன⢮    ⮢       
࠭,   ࠭  ᮮ饭:
     
     Code page 850 not prepared for device xxx
     
           ,      ⮬  砥 
࠭  ࠢ 㤥 ४祭,      
 ࠭  㦭 㤥   chcp -.
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     CHDIR  CD                                           (I)
     
     :
          뢮  ࠭ ⥪饣 ⠫ ()  
          ᬥ.
     
     ⠪:
           
          chdir []
     
     ਬ:
     ।    室  ᬥ  ⥪騩 ⠫ 
\family\my.   ப:
     
     cd \family\my
     
     ᫨  ࠡ⠥  ⠫ family,     室  
⠫ MY 㦭  ᫥饥:
     
     cd my
     
     ,  ⨬,    㦭     த⥫᪨
⠫ (family).   ᫥騬 ࠧ:
     
     cd ..
                
      cd  権 뢮  ࠭ ⥪騩 ⠫.
        ୥ ⠫   ப  
      :
     
     cd \
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     CHKDSK                                             (E) (N)

     :
          ஢ઠ ᪠
     
     ⠪:
     
          chkdsk [᪮:][ᯥ䨪][/f][/v]
     
     ਩:
        砥  㦥  訡    ᪥,  ᮮ饭  
᫥ 뢮 ᫥    ⮪  ஢ન.  
⮪  :
     
     Volume MSDOS    created 10-19-1989  9:54 A
     Volume Serial Number is 0D41-10FA
     
     362496      bytes total disk space
                 (ᥣ   ᪥)
     347136      bytes in 38 user files
                 (  38- 䠩 짮⥫)
      15360      bytes available on disk
                 (᢮ )
     
     1024        bytes in each allocation unit
                 (   )
     354         total allocation units on disk
                 (ᥣ ஢  ᪥)
     15          available allocation units on disk
                 (㯭 ஢  ᪥)
     
     655360      total bytes memory (ᥣ  )
     538688      bytes free         (  㯭)
     
        㪠   ᫥       䠩,  ⮪
뢮   ᪠, ⠪   ⤥쭮 䠩.
     祭 ᯮ㥬 祩 ਢ :
     
             祭
     __________________________________________________________
     /f           砥 宦  ஢  
                     ⠡  ࠧ饭 䠩. 
                   楤      
                 ଠ樨,   ࠭ 㤥 뢥  
                 ⢥ত:
                                  
                 Ten lost clusters found in 3 chains.
                 Convert lost chains to files (Y,N)?
                 (  楯窠  10  ஢)
                 (८ࠧ   䠩?)
                 
                 ᫨      Y,   ⠪ 楯窠
                 ⠭  䠩      filennnn.chk.   
                 襭        chkdsk      
                 ஢,   ᮤন         䠩   
                 ७  .chk  - 室 
                 ଠ.
                  ⨨ N ᮤন   ஢  
                 䠩  .
                 ᫨      㪠    /f,    ⠡
                 ࠧ饭 䠩    ४,    
                 ࠭ 뢮 ᮮ⢥饥 ᮮ饭.
                 
     /v          뢮     ஢塞   
                  䠩.
     __________________________________________________________

     ਬ砭:
     ᫨    㪠    /f,    ᪥ 
 䠩,      ࠭  㤥  뢥  ᮮ饭  
訡.  ⮬  ⮩   ⮩  樨  
/f 㤥 ᮮ饭  类   .    ந室
⮬,    䠩 ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩  
ਢ  ᮮ⢥⢨ ᥭ .
     ஬   ⮣,      chkdsk      㭪樮   
᪮,   ᯮ짮    ⢥  㬥⮢
 subst  join.
     
     ਬ:
       ᫥饩  ⮪ ஢ન ᪠  
䠩 status (  砥  ᯮ짮  /f):
     
     chkdsk a:>status
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     CLS                                                    (I)
     
     :
          ⪠ ࠭.
     
     ⠪:
          
          cls
     
     ਩:
       ⮩      ࠭    ⮫쪮 ⥬
     ᪠  .
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     COMMAND                                                (E)
                                                            
     :
            .
     
     ⠪:
          
          command [᪮:][][ன⢮]
                  [/e:nnnnn][/p][/c ப]
     
          :
     
          ன⢮ - 㣮 ன⢮  /뢮
                       (ਬ, CON  AUX)
                       .  CTTY
     
     ਩:
      ᪥     ᮧ 
।.  ।   ன, த⥫᪮ ।.
     ᫥⢨  த⥫᪮ ।.
      command ਬ   ᭮    㧪
࠭⭮      ,  ⮩  ꥬ
ਪ   ணࠬ.   ᪮          㪠뢠
⮭宦 䠩  .
      ਢ 祭 ᯮ㥬 祩:
     
             祭
     __________________________________________________________
     /e:nnnnn       ।     .    ਭ
                 祭    160    32768.   祭   
                 㬮砭  160.  MS-DOS  㣫  㪠
                 祭        祭,    ⭮    16
                 (ࠢ  ࠭ ࠣ).
              
     /          ࠭        
                 ⮬᪮      
                 .
              
     / ப   믮  㪠    ப  () 
                     .
                 
     __________________________________________________________

     ᫨ nnnnn  160 ,  㤥  ⠢  祭
 㬮砭,   ࠭  ᮮ饭:
     
     Ivalid environment size specified
     ( ⨬ ࠧ ।)
     
     ᫨  nnnnn  ॢ  32768,       ࠭   
筮 ᮮ饭,  ਭ 祭 㤥 32768.
     
     ਬ:
     
     command /c chkdsk b:
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     COMP                                                   (E)
     
     :
          ࠢ ᮤন  (㯯) 䠩.
     
     ⠪:
     
     comp [᪮:][ᯥ䨪1] [᪮:][ᯥ䨪2]
     
     ਩:
       ⮩  ࠢ  䠩  㯯 䠩
 㣨 䠩  㯯 䠩.        
 ᪮, ⠪   ࠧ.
     ࠢ   㯯   䠩       
      䠩,  ᫨    室     ࠧ
᪮.  ᫨     ᯥ䨪  ன 㯯
䠩,   ਭ  ࠢ  ࢮ  ᯥ䨪樨.  
㪠    䠩  ᯮ짮 ᨬ ⥫,
.. (*)  (?).
     ᫨  ⨫    ᯥ䨪樨     㪠   ⮫쪮
    ᯥ䨪樨  (  䠩),  
䠩  (*.*).
     ᫨ ࠢ 䠩 室  ᪥,  ⫨筮  
᪠,  ᮤঠ饣 䠩 comp,   comp ᫥ 
  権.    室  ଠ      ⮬,
⢥   ⥬.
       室  ࠢ  ࠭ 뢮 ⮪ ࠢ,
㪠뢠騩 ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ 䠩   ᬥ饭  (
⭠筮 ଥ) , 饣 ࠧ 祭  
ࠢ 䠩:
     
     Compare error at offset  XXXXXXXX
     (訡 ࠢ  ᬥ饭 )
     file1 = XX (祭 ⮣   䠩 N1)
     file2 = XX (祭 ⮣   䠩 N2)
     祭  뢮  ⭠筮 ଥ.
     
     ᫥    ᮢ  ࠢ ४頥,  
࠭ 뢮 ᮮ饭:
     
     10 mismatches - ending compare
     
     ᫨  ࠧ  䠩  ࠧ,      ࠭  㤥
뢥 :
     
     Files are different sizes, do you wish to continue (Y,N)?
     ( 䠩 ࠧ, த (,)? )
     
     ᫨  த (Y),  ࠢ 㤥 믮 
 䠩, 饣  .  ᯥ譮 砭
ࠢ  ࠭  ᮮ饭:
     
     files compare OK
     
     ᫥  ࠢ    䠩    comp   믮
ࠢ  ᫥饩   䠩,   㤮⢮
ᯥ䨪樨. । 砫  ࠢ    ࠭  
:
     
     Compare more files (Y,N)?
     ( ࠢ (,)? )
     
      뢠 ,  । 砫 ࠢ 
comp   ᥣ   ஢   稥   ਧ      䠩
(CONTROL+Z). ᫨ ⠪  ,      ࠭  뢮
ᮮ⢥饥 ᮮ饭:
     
     EOF mark not found
     
     ਬ:
       ᫥饩      ࠢ    䠩 
७ asm c 䠩, 騬   ,    ७
bak:
     
     comp c:*.asm b:*.bak
     
     
     

     
     __________________________________________________________
     COPY                                                   (I)
     
     :
          ஢   ᪮쪨 䠩.
          ᮥ 䠩.
     
     ⠪:
     
                ஢ 䠩:
          
          copy [᪮:]ᯥ䨪1
               [᪮:][ᯥ䨪2][/v][/a][/b]
     
               
     
          copy [᪮:]ᯥ䨪1
               [/v][/a][/b][᪮:][ᯥ䨪2]
                                        
                ᮥ 䠩:
     
        copy ᯥ䨪1 + ᯥ䨪2 [...] ᯥ䨪N
     
     ਩:
     ᫨   㪠  ᯥ䨪2,        ⥬  
  頥   ⥪騩 ⠫ ⥪饣 ᪮. ᫨
    ᫮  㥬  䠩  室    ⥪饬
᪮,  㤥 뢥 ᮮ饭  訡:
     
     File cannot be copied onto itself
     0 file(s) copied
     (    ᪮஢ ᠬ  ᥡ)
     (஢ 0 䠩() )
     
      ਢ 祭 ᯮ㥬 祩:
     
          祭
     __________________________________________________________
     /v       ஢ ४⭮  ᥪ஢  .
     
     /       ஢  ASCII  䠩.    ⭮   
              ।饬 䠩   ᥬ ᫥騬,  
                 㣮      /     /b.  
              뢠  ਧ  䠩.
              
     /b       ஢  䠩.    ⭮  
              ।饬 䠩   ᥬ ᫥騬,  
                㣮    /  /b. 뢠
              ⮫쪮 , ᪮쪮  㪠      'ࠧ
              䠩'  ᮮ⢥饬  ⠫.
     __________________________________________________________

     ਬ砭:
     ⢨ 祩 /a  /b ࠧ筮,  ᨬ   ⮣,
᫥      㥬 䠩 (䠩 筨),
   ᫥   䠩 祭.
     
      䠩 筨:
     
     /        ᬠਢ  ⥪⮢ (ASCII) 䠩.
                    ࢮ  ਧ  
              䠩,        ᫥.  ⠫쭮  
              .
     /b          ,   ਧ
               䠩.
              
      䠩 祭:
              
     /          䠩 ਧ  䠩.
     /b           䠩 ਧ  䠩.

      / ਭ  㬮砭   砥  ᮥ
䠩.    ஢  䠩 ⠫  ⠫
.  xcopy.
     
     ਬ:
       ᮥ  (ᡮન)  䠩    ᯮ짮
ᨬ ⥫:
     
     copy *.txt  combin.doc
     
      筮:
     
     copy my.txt + his.txt + her.txt  combin.doc
     
         ᮥ    䠩 *.txt  䠩
     ll.txt:
     
     copy  all.txt + *.txt
   
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     CTTY                                                   (I)
     
     :
           ன⢠,  ண ⥬ 砥 
                                                       
     ⠪:
          
          ctty ன⢮
     
     ਩:
      ணࠬ  ᯮ MS-DOS  /뢮, 
      ।⢥   ⭮  .    ⮬
     砥  ctty  㭪樮.
     
     ਬ:
         ⠭      ⢥   ⠪
ன⢠ ⥫  AUX:
     
     ctty aux
     
     ⭮:
     
     ctty con
     
             
     
                                                          
     
     

     
          
